Chocolate Survey - 1036 Words

Scaling Study Easter has passed, but chocolate continues to be a popular purchase at the checkout counter. Chocolate comes in many forms and many brands. There are many chocolate makers such as Hershey, Wonka, and Nestle. According to NBC News, America’s favorite candy bar is Snickers being that it is the most purchased candy bar in the United States. Believing this, a survey was created consisting on nine questions and was distributed to 12 people via social media to test the theory that Snickers is the favorite bar. Five different question forms were used as target questions to confirm or deny the statement made by NBC. The first question of the survey is, â€Å"What are your top three favorite candy bars?† It is a free response†¦show more content†¦Question seven and eight are dichotomous questions asking for yes or no answers to each. Question seven is, â€Å"Have you ever bought a KitKat bar because the commercial was stuck in your head?† T his question also poses no relevance and is therefore not reliable or valid. Question eight is, â€Å"Do you wish you had a candy bar right now?† Although this question seems like it would not relevant, it is a buffer question for the respondent to answering question number nine. Question nine is a paired comparison, asking respondents what their next candy bar will be; KitKat or Snickers? The majority of the participators said their next candy bar will be a Snickers bar. Using a multiple-choice, single-response scale produces nominal data. This was a fun essay to partake in. Although the theory of the Snickers bar being America’s favorite candy bar was tested and proven correctly, other information was also learned from this. Individuals who preferred milk chocolate rated dark chocolate really low. Individuals that preferred dark chocolate rated white chocolate really low. Peanuts within a candy bar were either really liked or had a neutral appreciation from participators. Finally, even though question eight ended up not being reliable or valid for the proposed theory, it did show that many individuals purchase a KitKat bar because of the marketing aspects of the catchy commercial tune. All in all, this survey shows that when given free responses, individualsShow MoreRelatedSurvey on Chocolate Essay2849 Words   |  12 PagesA Project Report On â€Å" Survey Of Chocolate† Name ID NO. Submitted to â€Å"Kajol Mam† Date 10th Sep.2009 INDEX Chapter-I : Executive summary Chapter-II : Objectives of the study Chapter-IV : Research Methodology Chapter-VI : Analysis InterpretationRead MoreAnalyzing The Collecting Data From Market Research1533 Words   |  7 Pagestwo types of data primary data and secondary data. In primary data we can collect by doing interview, survey and questionnaire and the secondary data we can get the information about the product by its past records, magazine or news papers. The process used to gathering data information and data for the purpose of making business decision. The methodology includes questionnaire, interviews, surveys and other research techniques and could include both present and past information. There are so manyRead MoreSample Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesdisadvantages to Kraft Foods (Cadbury) of producing new lower-calorie versions of their existing chocolate bars? Kraft Foods is one of the leading producers of chocolate bars in a number of different countries around the world, especially the UK. With inclining rates of obesity in countries like France, South Korea, USA, England, Greece and Italy, a decision to produce low-calorie versions of their chocolate bars could be a healthier alternative to the country. There are a number of advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreSupply Chain Management and Time Series Methods1280 Words   |  6 Pagesas irregular fluctuations (peaks or valleys) over time. 4. Simulation methods are a combination of causal and time series methods will imitate the behavior of consumers under different circumstances. With the product of Cadbury’s Roses boxed chocolate, Purchasers of Costco’s confectionery Dept will forecast the consumption of this product base on 4th methods – simulation – that will be described in detail as below: Simulation method comprises 2 methods causal and time series. Base on causalRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Chocolate Cream By Using Premium Cocoa And A Secret Formula1200 Words   |  5 PagesChocoberry is a chocolate brand that offers a superior quality chocolate by using premium cocoa and a secret formula in a variety of unique and interesting flavors. According to a survey given to consumers electronically, chocolate is most heavily consumed by females between the ages of 20-25 years old. Chocoberry consumers enjoy the smooth, rich taste as well as the convenient shape and packaging of the Chocoberry chocolate. Chocoberry has an opportunity market new products in US market which showsRead MoreCase Study : Clares Chocolates1732 Words   |  7 PagesCASE STUDY: CLARE’S CHOCOLATES 1. The basic characteristics of the marketing concept that could be identified in Clare’s Chocolates are as follows: a. Word of Mouth Clare’s Chocolate Cafes use word of mouth marketing vs. more traditional avenues of marketing. This fits in with the organization’s focus on providing high quality chocolate products to customers. As the perception of a quality product is subjective, people tend to believe the opinions of friends or associates when they describe a productRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Haigh s Chocolates1651 Words   |  7 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS: †¢ INTRODUCTION. †¢ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ SWOT ANALYSIS †¢ COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AND POSITIONING †¢ THE MARKETING MIX 4P’S †¢ CONCLUSION †¢ REFERENCES. â€Æ' INTRODUCTION: Haigh s Chocolates is an Australian confectionery industry organization offering astounding chocolate and related items to clients in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. The organization is situated in Adelaide, South Australia, where it was established in 1915 by Alfred E. Haigh. Haigh s behaviorsRead MoreAnalysis Of James Henry Whitakers s A Mini Club Man Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesconfectioner in England, at the age of 14 he first got a taste for the stuff. Then he came to Newzealand.It in 1890’s and began to put this chocolate expertise into business and e himself sells it door to door. (And now this was the third generation of Whittaker family leading this business in chocolate world.) In 1896 he moved to wellington to make Australia’s premium chocolate from them he started elaborating his business. In 1913, his sons Ronald James join him in partnership to for J.H.Whittaker and sonsRead MoreIntroduction Of The Hershey Company Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesHershey Company produces the best chocolate according to a survey taken among my coworkers. This company is well known for their Hershey s Kisses, Kit-Kat, Whopper s, Reese s Peanut Butter Cups and much more! Personally Kit-Kat is my favorite. Hershey s is one chocolate that I can eat and it changes my whole mood. Their mission statement is, â€Å"Bringing sweet moments of Hershey happiness to the world every day.†1 Hershey s focuses on love, and not only chocolate. History of the Company 1894 isRead MoreSlavery in the Chocolate Industry: Plight of Children Used for Cocoa Farming1198 Words   |  5 PagesClose to half of the worlds chocolate is made from the highly prized top-quality cocoa beans that are grown on farms in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, a small nation on the western side of Africa. The farmers of these poor nations are notorious, however, for sometimes relying on slaves to harvest their beans, The slaves are boys between 12 and 16 sometimes as young as 9 ~ who are kidnapped from villages in surrounding nations and sold to the cocoa farmers, who use whippings, beatings, and starvation

William Shakespeare s Twelfth Sonnet - 909 Words

Both William Shakespeare’s 18th and 30th sonnet’s are full and complete examples of poetry at its best, and, while studying Shakespeare’s form is very important, it is equally so to look at the content and even further down to its true meanings. Using the same theme, language and form are displayed at their best while still capturing his goal of creating a legacy of both of these important people in his life. These two sonnets are now amongst the most popular sonnets in history because the language he chose is so straightforward yet meaningful, the theme is quite easily recognizable and understandable and the forms are so similar. Although the two poems were written separately, the shared theme is evident and they almost seem to flow†¦show more content†¦What makes the sun such a mystery is that, it’s always there and it is always going to be there. The sun will never die, and just because it is covered up doesn t mean it no longer exists, but it is simply covered up, much like her beauty. She is will forever stay beautiful even upon aging, even when death dose seek her part, and her beauty will be forever, it will live â€Å"as long as men can breathe or eyes can see.†. The language of this sonnet can be referred to as plain style, Shakespeare uses easy understanding metaphors. it is easily picked out how he feels through his writing. It is a typical Shakespearean sonnet with fourteen lines in regular iambic pentameter, The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The sonnett begins with a comparison, so simile â€Å"shall i compare thee to a summers day?† There s also the eye of heaven later in the poem, a fancy way to talk about the sun, to identify this as periphrasis. shakespeare also uses nor Death shall brag that presents death as a figure as personification. In shakespeare sonnets it is common to find an impassioned burst of confidence as he claims ahe is very confident to have the power to keep his friend s memory alive well beyond the end of their lives. The opening lines of Sonnet 55 establish a setting of a cemetery full of stone memorials of all shapes and sizes, he explains that where the greatest of the great of their time lay in the thombs will someday crumble to peices given war and harsh

Power Industry in India

Question: Discuss about thePower Industry in India. Answer: Introduction Research topic: An investigation into power generation within India. What is the future direction that this industry will take? What are the cost and the benefits of this strategy? The power generation industry is one of the critical components that support the economic growth of India and the welfare of the nation. The research work will focus on the power generation sector in India and the future direction of the industry will be discussed. The strategies used by the industry will also be highlighted to understand the cost and the benefits of the strategies. Aims and Objectives The aim of the project is to analyse the future direction that the power generation industry in India will incorporate in order to increase the productivity. The objectives of the study that will be studied are as follows: To critically analyse the power generation sector in India To evaluate the strategies and the future direction of the industry To understand the cost and the benefits of the strategies that the industry implements Research Questions What is the current position of the power generation sector in India? What are the strategies and the future direction undertaken by the industry? What are the cost and benefits of the strategies that are used by the industries? Research Hypothesis H0: The strategies have a negative impact on the growth of the power generation sector of India. H1: The strategies have a positive impact on the growth of the power generation sector in India. Literature Review The demand for electricity has been rapidly increasing which causes the Indian power sector to adopt significant changes that supports the redefining process of the industry. The demand for the consumption of electricity increases due to the sustained economic growth of India. The industries in the Indian power generation sector use certain strategies that help the industries to increase the productivity and the output of electricity in order to meet the demand of the economy[1]. Power Generation Strategy of India The strategy of the power generation industry in India is to encourage the develop the renewable sources of energy by using the incentives offered by the federal and the state government of the nation. The industries further encourage the incentives that involve the use of nuclear energy and promotion of windfarms such as Muppandal and solar energy[2]. The Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006 provides a long-term energy policy that helps the organisation to achieve policy guidance on the growth of the energy sector. According to the researcher, the adverse fall in the price of oil due to the booming production of the shale oil has resulted the energy policies to move towards in the favour of the crude oil or the natural gas[3]. Taking the advantage of the scenario, it is important for the industries of the power generation sector to implement effective strategies that helps to increase the productivity and utilise the market scenario to the maximum extent. Role of Indian Government in the Industry The government of India plays a very vital role in the economy to help the power generation companies to achieve a sustainable position and meet the demand of the nation. The Ministry of Power governs a major portin of the power sector. The power generation sector is divided into three main parts namely generation, transmission and distribution[4]. The NTPC, DVC and the NPCI are the important perspectives of the industry. The energy plant administrators and the experts help the government of India to understand the demand in the economy and build strategies and policies accordingly[5]. The government therefore is important in maintaining the sustainability of the power generation industry. Prevailing Strategies and Policies of Power Industry The strategies and the policies that support the power industry in achieving the objectives of the companies are low pricing strategy, transmission strategy, distribution policies, conservation policies and financing strategies[6]. These strategies and policies help the industries to flourish and grow further in future. Methodology In order to carry out the research work, the researcher will use the various tools and techniques to achieve the desired outcome of the research. For this particular study, the researcher will use the interpretivism research philosophy and the deductive research approach to carry out the study. Moreover, both the primary as well as the secondary research is carried out where the employees and the managers of the power generation industries are surveyed for the primary research. For the secondary research, the previous research works, journals and articles are studied[7]. A sample size of 50 employees and 3 line managers are surveyed and interviewed. Data Analysis The data and the information obtained from the research work are analysed with the help of the SPSS software. The analysis of the data will help the researcher to understand the future direction of the industries in the power generation sector of India[8]. Therefore, the outcome of the respondents will help to analyse the market position of the industries and their ability to meet the demand of the economy. Expected Outcome From the overall study it can be stated that the policies and the strategies designed and implemented by the companies in the power generation industries has a positive impact on the growth and development of the industry. The role of the government greatly influences the companies. Although the strategies that the company intends to implement in order to increase the productivity has a number of benefits, there are also certain cost that the company needs to pay as a result of the implementation. The implementation of the strategies incurs high cost that might result in the decrease of the organisational profit. References Coatalem, Martin, Vincent Mazauric, Claude Le Pape-Gardeux, et al. 'Optimizing Industries Power Generation Assets on the Electricity Markets',Applied Energy,(2016), . Fatima, Somana. 'Chapter 2 Research Methodology and Design of Study',Language in India,vol. 12/no. 5, (2012), pp. 61. Jain, Pankaj, and Vijay Singh Dahima. 'job Satisfaction of Employees Working in Power Industry - a Study of Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant in India',Pranjana,vol. 18/no. 2, (2015), pp. 38. Muhaidheen, M., and S. Muralidharan. 'A Novel Fuzzy Based Control Scheme for Power Quality Enhancement in Grid Connected System',Applied Mechanics and Materials,vol. 573/(2014), pp. 304-309. 'Power Regulators's Rule on Forecasting Divides Wind Industry (Wind Power Generators are Required to Forecast Generation for the Next Day)',India Business Insight,(2013), . Wiberg, Mikael, Institutionen fr informatik, Ume universitet, et al. 'Methodology for Materiality: Interaction Design Research through a Material Lens',Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,vol. 18/no. 3, (2014), pp. 625-636. Xie, Bai-Chen, Li-Feng Shang, Si-Bo Yang, et al. 'Dynamic Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of Electric Power Industries: Evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) Countries',Energy,vol. 74/(2014), pp. 147-157. Yenneti, Komali. 'Industry Perceptions on Feed in Tariff (FiT) Based Solar Power Policies A Case of Gujarat, India',Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. 57/(2016), pp. 988-998.

The Religion Of Huckleberry Finn Essay Summary Example For Students

The Religion Of Huckleberry Finn Essay Summary Word Count: 895Religion is a simple concept to learn. Websters dictionary defines religion as: belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe. Although it is understood what religion is, not everyone has the same views. There are numerous varieties and sub-vrieties of religions. In fact, religion can be so diverse that one might say that he or she is of the same religion as another person but the way he or she demonstrates their beliefs may be dramatically different. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, writes about a young boys growing and maturing experiences one summer as he travels down the Mississippi River. One of the things that this boy, Huck Finn, discovers is how religion affects his lifestyle. Huckleberry Finns views of religion have an impact on many essential points in the episodic novel. Religion has an effect on three of Hucks major decisions throughout the novel. His religion is tested when he first decides to help Jim run away. His religion is tested when he lies to most of the people he meets traveling down the Mississippi River, and Huckleberrys religion is tested when he decides to help Jim escape from slavery for good. We will write a custom essay on The Religion Of Huckleberry Finn Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Huckleberry Finn was raised without a strong religious influence. Hucks father being a raging alcoholic, and Huck living mostly on his own, were two of the factors that contributed to this. Pap came to visit him one night and expressed his negative thoughts on school and religion. First you know youll get religion, too. I never see such a son (Twain 20). Despite these warnings, the Widow Douglas continued to teach Huck. Later in the novel, these teaching have consequential effects on Huck. Hucks religious morals are first tested when he decides to help the Widows slave escape to freedom. During the time that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn took place, slavery was not uncommon. In the beginning of the story, Huck displays similar beliefs as the people that are raising him; blacks are considered property and not people. Huck chooses to help Jim run away despite the fact that he knows that Jim is considered property and helping him would be like stealing. The widow tries to convert Huck to Christianity. She preaches all about heaven, hell, and the things that one should do to get to either place. Huck is not too concerned about either, obviously, because he helps Jim run away. As Jim and Huck travel down the Mississippi, Huck, at first, does not think much of the fact that he is helping Jim escape to freedom. As the novel progresses, though, Huck begins to think about the consequences of his actions. The things that the Widow had previously worked diligently to install in Huck had some effect on him. This is apparent for the first time when Jim expresses his anxiety to become free. This makes Huck feel nervous of the deed that he is doing. Well I can tell you it made me all over trembly and feverish, too, to hear him, because I begun to get it through my head that he was most free and who was to blame for it? Why me (Twain 85). Hucks first reaction is that he is letting the Widow Douglas down by not returning her property. Huck is only worried about honor and what was right for the time but a similar event happens later in the novel where Huck considers his actions a little more carefully. .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .postImageUrl , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:hover , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:visited , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:active { border:0!important; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:active , .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u620942791e88e0be91249b42afa0213b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John steinbeck EssayHuckleberry finally begins to realize that Jim is not property, but an actual person. He plays a trick on Jim and finds out that he has feelings too. This brings Huck and Jim closer together and Huck accepts the fact that Jim is not a slave but a friend. Huck is tried again for what to do about Jim when Jim is sold to Silas Phelps down south. He knew he had to get Jim out somehow and he still was feeling guilty for taking him in the first place. And at last, when it hit me all of a sudden that here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know that my wickedness was being watched all the time from up there in heaven (Twain 204). Huck decides to write to Jim to save him from a life of slavery with a complete stranger. He never sends the letter but he feels much better after he writes it. All right, then, Ill go to hell (206). Ultimately, Huck came to the conclusion that he has already done so many sinful things that there was no use in trying to get to heaven anymore. Today, many Americans would look at Huck and believe he was right in trying to free Jim. During the era of the Civil War, many would think differently. Huckleberry Finn could hardly be called sacrilegious but he was no saint either. Religion had a good deal of impact on him. It almost caused him to give himself up to do what he thought was right. In the beginning of the novel, we see that Huck is not interested in religion, or what the Widow has to say at all. Throughout each episode, however, one can see that what the Widow taught him had some effect.

The tourism industry

Description of the industry The tourism industry is one of the industries in the market. The industry is made of of key players such as hotels, and tourist attraction sites. The demand in the industry has increased because people need to travel and visit fascinating sites. Countries with attractive sites have experienced high growth in tourism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The tourism industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry has high returns, and countries with good attraction sites gain a lot of foreign exchange from the industry. The industry experiences seasonal demand because the tourists visit during holidays. A few tourists visit during normal periods. Countries with attractive sites experience a large inflow of tourists during the holiday seasons (Das, 61). The critical outputs (Q) The outputs of the tourism industry include foreign exchange earnings that are paid by the tourists. In addi tion, the output includes the improved image of the countries which have attractive sites. The critical inputs necessary to produce the output The critical inputs include hotels, fascinating sites and and attractive cultural artifacts. Identify technological processes involvedAdvertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tourism industry requires the use of online promotions to advertise tourist attraction sites. The use of e-marketing has been applied to attract tourists from the global market. The appropriate market structure The industry has a perfect competitive market structure. This is because there are few barriers of entry and exit, and homogenous products. The forces of demand and supply determine the market prices in the industry. This shows that the market equilibrium is determined by the forces of supply and demand (Ferrell, and Hartline, 238). The shape of the demand curve Source: Author The critical factors influencing demandAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on The tourism industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The critical factors that influence demand in the market are security, attractive sites and the global image of the sites. In addition, security is an important factor that affects the demand of tourist attraction sites. Tourists fear places where there is a high crime rate or countries experiencing terrorism activities. The global image of a country with tourist attraction sites also determines the demand. There are countries which are famous for offering the best services, and they are preferred by most clients. The shape of the supply curve Source: Author Firms in the industry set prices The firms in the industry set their own prices. The prices are determined by the popularity of a certain tourist destination. The firms set prices depending on the level of dema nd. There are no restrictions on setting prices in the industry. Customers in the industry are willing to pay a premium price for the firms offering the best quality services. The industry experiences seasonal demand, and prices are higher during the peak season. However, during the low season, the prices are lower.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic profits Economic profits are made in the industry because all firms get customers. The firms operate above the production cost, and this indicates that economic profits are made. Significant events that have recently impacted the market equilibrium, and their effect International terrorism has affected the market equilibrium recently. Countries affected by terrorism activities experience a declining number of customers. The terrorists cause fear, and the demand decline. The industry is very volatile because the demand depends on the willingness of people to visit tourist sites. If the people are not willing to visit the destinations, the demand declines. Terrorist attacks have affected many countries, and this has caused a tremendous decline in the number of tourists visiting countries experiencing such attacks. Works Cited Das, Gupta D. Tourism Marketing. Delhi: Pearson, 2011. Print. Ferrell, O C, and Michael D. Hartline. Marketing Strategy. Australia: South-Western Cengag e Learning, 2011. Print. This report on The tourism industry was written and submitted by user Helena Leonard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essays - HIVAIDS, Lentiviruses

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essays - HIVAIDS, Lentiviruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus The topic of this paper is the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, and whether or not mutations undergone by the virus allow it to survive in the immune system. The cost of treating all persons with AIDS in 1993 in the United States was $7.8 billion, and it is estimated that 20,000 new cases of AIDS are reported every 3 months to the CDC. This question dealing with how HIV survives in the immune system is of critical importance, not only in the search for a cure for the virus and its inevitable syndrome, AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), but also so that over 500,000 Americans already infected with the virus could be saved. This is possible because if we know that HIV survives through mutations then we might be able to come up with a type of drug to retard these mutations allowing the immune system time to expunge it before the onset of AIDS. In order to be able to fully comprehend and analyze this question we must first ascertain what HIV is, how the body attempts to counter the effects of viruses in general, and how HIV infects the body. Definition HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV is classified as a RNA Retrovirus. A retrovirus uses RNA templates to produce DNA. For example, within the core of HIV is a double molecule of ribonucleic acid, RNA. When the virus invades a cell, this genetic material is replicated in the form of DNA . But, in order to do so, HIV must first be able to produce a particular enzyme that can construct a DNA molecule using an RNA template. This enzyme, called RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is also referred to as reverse transcriptase because it reverses the normal cellular process of transcription. The DNA molecules produced by reverse transcription are then inserted into the genetic material of the host cell, where they are co-replicated with the host's chromosomes; they are thereby distributed to all daughter cells during subsequent cell divisions. Then in one or more of these daughter cells, the virus produces RNA copies of its genetic material. These new HIV clones become covered with protein coats and leave the cell to find other host cells where they can repeat the life cycle. As viruses begin to invade the body, a few are consumed by macrophages, which seize their antigens and display them on their own surfaces. Among millions of helper T cells circulating in the bloodstream, a select few are programmed to ?read? that antigen. Binding the macrophage, the T cell becomes activated. Once activated, helper T cells begin to multiply. They then stimulate the multiplication of those few killer T cells and B cells that are sensitive to the invading viruses. As the number of B cells increases, helper T cells signal them to start producing antibodies. Meanwhile, some of the viruses have entered cells of the body - the only place they are able to replicate. Killer T cells will sacrifice these cells by chemically puncturing their membranes, letting the contents spill out, thus disrupting the viral replication cycle. Antibodies then neutralize the viruses by binding directly to their surfaces, preventing them from attacking other cells. Additionally, they precipitate chemical reactions that actually destroy the infected cells. As the infection is contained, suppresser T cells halt the entire range of immune responses, preventing them from spiraling out of control. Memory T and B cells are left in the blood and lymphatic system, ready to move quickly should the same virus once again invade the body. In the initial stage of HIV infection, the virus colonizes helper T cells, specifically CD4+ cells, and macrophages, while replicating itself relatively unnoticed. As the amount of the virus soars, the number of helper cells falls; macrophages die as well. The infected T cells perish as thousands of new viral particles erupt from the cell membrane. Soon, though, cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes kill many virus-infected cells and viral particles. These effects limit viral growth and allow the body an opportunity to temporarily restore its supply of helper cells to almost normal concentrations. It is at this time the virus enters its second stage. Throughout this second phase the immune system functions well, and the net concentration of measurable virus remains relatively low. But after a period of time, the viral level rises gradually, in parallel with a decline in the helper population. These helper T and B lymphocytes are not lost because the body?s ability to produce new helper cells is impaired,

Discussion about a book called ministry of fear Assignment

Discussion about a book called ministry of fear - Assignment Example This paper thus helps to provide an insight depicting the relationship that began brewing between Arthur and Anna during the time that the two spent together, trying to reconcile differences as well as understand that their hate for each other could actually be transformed into pure love. Anna is a young Austrian woman and her brother is a Nazi spy, however, even then, she takes Rowe’s side and helps him uncover the Nazi agents that he is about to have an encounter with. Throughout the course of the story, she tries her best to warn him and keep him out of trouble, only because she realises that she has fallen in love with the Englishman. The author writes, â€Å"It is impossible to go through life without trust: That is to be imprisoned in the worst cell of all, oneself.† (Greene, Graham) This is very apt of the book itself because of the kind of relation that developed between Anna and Arthur despite the two belonging to different sides. Greene has tried to portray, t hrough Anna and Arthur, how love can take various forms in the worst of situations. The main reason for the existence of their relationship is to try and safeguard each other from the circumstance they have been thrust into.